Catalases induction in high virulence pinewood nematode. It invades the tracheal system of beetle species of the genus monochamus and is vectored via oviposition or feeding wounds of the beetle species. Pdf a novel rapid sampling method for pinewood nematode. It is a quarantine pest for most countries in the world. First report of bursaphelenchus antoniae from pinus. Report of the task force on the control of pine wood nematode in. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in. This was the third member of the xylophilus group in portugal it is difficult to ascertain whether b.
Pathogenic variability among populations of the pinewood. Bioinformatics analysis of structure and function in the. The study presents the nematicidal effects of halogenated indoles on b. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an important plant pathogen, responsible for an epidemic of pine wilt disease in asia and europe. In the early stages of invasion, this nematode has to manage host defence mechanisms, such as strong oxidative stress. A blend of small molecules regulates both mating and development in caenorhabditis elegans. A bursaphelenchus species has been identified for the first time in the iberian peninsula. It also occurs in japan, china, taiwan, korea, and portugal. The pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease pwd, resulting in huge losses in pine forests. A morphological variation in the female tail terminus was detected. Vectors of this nematode are longhorned beetles especially those belonging to the genus monochamus.
In most females, the tail presented a broadly rounded terminus and, occasionally, a digitate terminus with a terminal nipplelike extension resembling a mucro. Molecular biological characterization of bursaphelenchus. Pdf the pinewood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a nematode species that has. Pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is an inhabitant of native pine species of north america, where its presence in trees is non. Pm81 disinfestation of wood with ionizing radiation. Pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode is determined not only by its physical and chemical.
The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is an important plantparasitic nematode responsible for the development of the pine wilt disease and recognised as a major forest pest. Approximately 120 ha of conifer forests in slovenia were surveyed for the presence of bursaphelenchus species. Oof pine wilt disease 257 bursaphelenchus xylophilus has both phytophagous transmission by feeding and mycophagous transmission by oviposition phases of development fig. Cysteine proteases secreted by the pinewood nematode. Author summary bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an important plant pathogen. In order to study the causes of pine wood nematodes pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus departure from its vector beetle, monochamus alternatus, we collected pwns which were extracted from the newly emerged m. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an essential step ot diagnose pine wilt disease and to make a strategy for its management.
Bursaphelenchus luxuriosae described in japan was identified in portugal. Genomic insights into the origin of parasitism in the. By contrast, the introduction of this nematode to forests overseas has devastated some pine stands and is recognized as a pest of phytosanitary concern by some countries national plant protection organizations. Rna interference rnai is a valuable tool for studying gene function in vivo and provides a functional genomics platform in a wide variety of organisms. Pinewood nematodeassociated bacteria contribute to oxidative. At the start of the 20th century, it spread to east asian countries, china, japan and. The cathepsin llike cysteine proteinase cpl genes are multifunctional genes. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is native to north america and was introduced to japan in the 1900s, south korea in the 1980s, china in 1982, and later to portugal, canada and 40 other countries 4, 5.
Pine wilt bursaphelenchus xylophilus pinewood nematode host. Assessments of iodoindoles and abamectin as inducers of. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the nematode responsible for a devastating epidemic of pine wilt disease in asia and europe, and represents a recent, independent origin of plant parasitism in nematodes, ecologically and taxonomically distinct from other nematodes for which genomic data is available. Pdf validation of morphological keys for identification. Manual curation of the candidates was carried out to determine coding. Survival and development of bursaphelenchus xylophilus pine wood nematode was studied for up to 40 weeks in pinus pinaster sawn wood and branches. Jones4 and taisei kikuchi1 1division of parasitology, faculty of medicine, university of. Pine wilt also been reported on austrian and white pines. Genomic insights into the origin of parasitism in the emerging plant.
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus can feed on both the fungus and the epithelial cells of the resin ducts wingfield et al. Transcriptional and morphological changes in the transition from mycetophagous to phytophagous phase in the plantparasitic nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus isheng j. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus isolates from madeira island displayed the speciesspecific diagnostic characters. Pathogenicity tests of bursaphelenchus xylophilus on pinus.
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an introduced pest in japan 36,45,46, the peoples republic of china 72, taiwan 63, and south korea 73. Detection of bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection in pinus. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a prominent invasive plantparasitic nematode and has become a. Comparative transcriptomic response of two pinus species. It invades the tracheal system of beetle species of the genus monochamus and is vectored via oviposition or. In this study, we report the first genomewide variation analysis of the nematode with an aim to obtain a full picture of its diversity. Pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus annual. Pine wilt disease pwd caused by pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious threat to global forest populations of conifers, in particular pinus spp. Considered an eppo a2 quarantine pest, bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease and the most devastating plant parasitic nematode attacking coniferous trees in the world. Three bursaphelenchus xylophilus associated bacteria serratia spp.
Effects of cavitation on the development of pine wilt. It was found in very high numbers up to 38 000 per 10 g of pine wood inside a few declining trees infested. Pdf catalases induction in high virulence pinewood. Recently, the presence of pwn was reported in dead yunnan pine pinus yunnanensis trees under natural conditions. Pdf first detection of bursaphelenchus xylophilus associated with. Cathepsin llike cysteine proteinase genes are associated. Most are obligate mycophages, but some feed on wood, with two species, the red ring nematode b. Parasitaphelenchidae germ cells and early embryo koichi h asegawa 1,2, manuel m. Validation of morphological keys for identification of bursaphelenchus xylophilus nematoda, parasitaphelenchidae to group and species level. Genomewide variation in the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its relationship with pathogenic traits juan e. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a quarantined migratory endoparasite known to cause severe economic losses in pine forest ecosystems.
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus an overview sciencedirect. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was first described in, and is perhaps native to, north america. Artificial induction of thirdstage dispersal juveniles of. Effect of cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase gene. Hyperspectral remote sensing has great potential for accurate detection of forest pests and diseases. The pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. Identification and pathogenicity of bursaphelenchus species core. Molecular and chromosomal data support the hypothesis that the pwn was introduced into japan from the united states 4,57. Screening and functional analysis of the peroxiredoxin. The pine wilt disease was identified for the first time in the united states in columbia, missouri in 1979. The pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and buhrer, 1934 nickle 1970, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. Intraspecific variation in morphometry of pine wood nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus and b. Results were considered in relation to decrease in xylem water content, anatomical changes, and increase of nematode number in the trees.
General information about bursaphelenchus xylophilus bursxy eppo global database. Pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus pwn was first detected in. Tsai1,2, nurul karim1,3, mitsuteru akiba4, tetsuro kato5, haruhiko maruyama1, yuko takeuchi5 and taisei kikuchi1 abstract. The nematode is carried by monochamus beetles that feed on twigs in the crowns of healthy trees known as maturation feeding. M ota 3, kazuyoshi f utai 2 and johji m iwa 1,4, 1 institute for biological function, chubu university. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as pine wood nematode or pine wilt nematode pwn, is a species of nematode that infects pine trees and causes the disease pine wilt. Pdf the pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease pwd, is a major worldwide pathogen and pest of. Pm 91 6 bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors. Catalases induction in high virulence pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus under hydrogen peroxideinduced stress.
Cloning and characterization of a 2cys peroxiredoxin in. After devastating vast areas of pine forests in asian countries, the pine wilt disease spread into european forests in 1999 and is causing worldwide concern. First report of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in portugal and. Identification of autophagy in the pine wood nematode. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is native to north america 2 and was introduced to japan in the 1900s, south korea in the 1980s, china in 1982 3, and later to portugal, canada and 40 other countries 4, 5. This disease involves very complicated interactions between a pathogenic nematode, its vector beetle, host pine species, and fungi in dead hosts. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an emerging pathogenic nematode that is responsible for a devastating epidemic of pine wilt disease across asia and europe. To further explore the molecular mechanism of drug resistance in pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, we used bioinformatics approaches to analyze genomic data for b. Survival of bursaphelenchus xylophilus and monochamus. In china alone, the combined damage and management costs exceed 4 billion us dollars annually 6. This initial report was followed by confirmation of.
Characteristics and function of a novel cystatin gene in. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a plantparasitic nematode and the causal agent of pine wilt disease pwd. Over 70 species of bursaphelenchus have been reported burgermeister et al. Chromosome structure and behaviour in bursaphelenchus. This is the first report of artificial induction of jiii in b. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode, is an eppo a2 pest. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Attraction of the bursaphelenchus xylophilus nematode toward 18 volatiles of pinus species was evaluated by a petridish bioassay under laboratory conditions to develop a rapid diagnostic kit. Abnormal ascent of xylemsap was investigated after the inoculation of pinus thunbergii with bursaphelenchus xylophilus, using acidfuchsin solution injected into the bottom of trunks of standing trees at one week intervals prior to harvest.
Chromosome structure and behaviour in bursaphelenchus xylophilus nematoda. The pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. The introduction of this nematode into japan had devastating effects on the native pines in that country. Pdf the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in. The total rnas of the two groups of pwns were extracted and transcriptomes sequencing were performed, and the genes expression. Bursaphelenchus is a genus of nematodes roundworms in the order aphelenchida. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, recognized as a worldwide major forest pest, is a migratory endoparasitic nematode with capacity to feed on pine tissues and also on fungi. Genes homologous to members of the mrp gene family in caenorhabditis elegans are important in drug resistance.
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